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Klaus Hildebrand (born 18 November 1941, Bielefeld, Germany) is a German liberal-conservative historian whose area of expertise is 19th–20th-century German political and military history. == Biography == Hildebrand is an Intentionalist on the origins of the Holocaust question, arguing that the personality and role of Adolf Hitler was a crucial driving force behind the Final Solution. Writing in 1979, Hildebrand stated: "Fundamental to National Socialist genocide was Hitler's race dogma...Hitler's programmatic ideas about the destruction of the Jews and racial domination have still to be rated as primary and causative, as motive and aim, as intention and goal of the "Jewish policy" of the Third Reich".〔Kershaw, Ian, ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'', London: Arnold, 2000 page 98.〕Working closely with Andreas Hillgruber, Hildebrand took the view that such events as the ''Shoah'' and Operation Barbarossa were all the unfolding of Hitler's master plan.〔Evans, Richard ''In Hitler's Shadow'', New York, NY: Pantheon, 1989 page 73〕 Along similar lines, in a 1976 article, Hildebrand commented on left-wing historians of the Nazi Germany that in his view they were: "theoretically fixed, are vainly concerned with functional explanations of the autonomous force in history and as a result frequently contribute towards its trivialization".〔Kershaw, Ian, ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'', London: Arnold, 2000 page 18〕Hildebrand has argued that the distinction drawn by the functionalists between the ''Einsatzgruppen'' massacres of Jews in the German-occupied parts of the Soviet Union in 1941-42 and between the rest of the ''Shoah'' is largely meaningless.〔Marrus, Michael ''The Holocaust in History'', Toronto: KeyPorter, 2000 page 44.〕 Hildebrand wrote that: "In qualitative terms, the executions by shooting were no different from the technically more efficient accomplishment of the 'physical final solution' by gassing, of which they were a prelude".〔In 1981, the British Marxist historian Timothy Mason in his essay 'Intention and explanation: A current controversy about the interpretation of National Socialism' from the book ''The "Fuehrer State" : Myth and reality'' coined the term "Intentionist" as part of an attack against Hildebrand and Karl Dietrich Bracher, both of whom Mason accused of focusing too much on Hitler as an explanation for the Holocaust. Though Hildebrand is a leading advocate of the totalitarianism school and rejects any notion of generic fascism as intellectually inadequate, he does believe that the Third Reich was characterized by what he deems “authoritarian anarchy”. However, Hildebrand believes in contrast to the work of Martin Broszat and Hans Mommsen that the “authoritarian anarchy” caused by numerous competing bureaucracies strengthened, not weakened Hitler’s power. In Hildebrand's opinion, the "Hitler factor" was indeed the central causal agent of the Third Reich.〔Kershaw, Ian, ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'', London: Arnold, 2000 page 74.〕 Hildebrand has argued against the ''Sonderweg'' view of German history championed by the Mommsen brothers. In the 1970s Hildebrand was deeply involved in a rancorous debate with Hans-Ulrich Wehler over the merits of traditional diplomatic history versus social history as way of explaining foreign policy. Together with Andreas Hillgruber, Hildebrand argued for the traditional ''Primat der Aussenpolitik'' (Primacy of Foreign Policy) approach with the focus on empirically examining the foreign policy making elite. Wehler by contrast argued for the ''Primat der Innenpolitik'' (Primacy of Domestic Politics) approach which called for seeing foreign policy largely as a reflection of domestic politics and employing theoretically-based research into social history to examine domestic politics.〔Kershaw, Ian, ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'', London: Arnold, 2000 pages 9-11〕 Another area of difference between Hildebrand and his left-wing critics in the role of geography in German history. Hildebrand has argued that Germany's position as the "country in the middle" bordered by Russia and France has often limited the options of the German government in the 19th-20th centuries.〔Evans, Richard ''In Hitler's Shadow'', New York, NY: Pantheon, 1989 page 104〕 In regards to the Globalist-Continentalist debate between those argue that the Hitler's foreign policy at world conquest against those who argue that Nazi foreign policy aim only at the conquest of Europe, Hildebrand has consistently taken a Globalist position, arguing that the foreign policy of the Third Reich did indeed have world domination as its goal, with Hitler following a ''Stufenplan'' (stage-by-stage plan) to reach that goal.〔Kershaw, Ian, ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'', London: Arnold, 2000 page 136.〕 In Hildebrand’s opinion, Hitler’s foreign policy aimed at nothing less than world conquest in his own lifetime, and those who argue otherwise are seriously misunderstanding the full scope of Hitler’s ambitions.〔Kershaw, Ian, ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'', London: Arnold, 2000 page 137.〕 Hildebrand sees Hitler's “Programme” for world domination as comprising in an equal measure crafty power politics and fanatical racism.〔Hildebrand, Klaus ''The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich'', B.T. Batsford Ltd: London, United Kingdom, 1973 pages 19-21〕 Together with Andreas Hillgruber and Gerhard Weinberg, Hildebrand is considered to be one of the leading Globalist scholars. Through Hildebrand does not maintain that Hitler was a free agent in foreign policy, and accepts that there were structural limitations upon Hitler's room to manoeuvre, he contends that these limitations only had the effect of pushing Hitler into the direction that he always wanted to go.〔Kershaw, Ian, ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'', London: Arnold, 2000 page 143.〕 However, Hildebrand does not favor an exclusively Hitlerist interpretation of German foreign policy in the era of the Third Reich. In Hildebrand's view, there were three other fractions within the NSDAP who advocated foreign policy programmes different from Hitler's. One fraction, whom Hildebrand dubs the "revolutionary socialists", supported an anti-Western policy with support for independence movements within the British Empire and an alignment with the Soviet Union.〔Hildebrand, Klaus ''The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich'', B.T. Batsford Ltd: London, United Kingdom, 1973 page 15.〕 Most closely associated the Strasser brothers, Gregor and Otto the "revolutionary socialist" fraction played no important role in the foreign policy of the Third Reich.〔Hildebrand, Klaus ''The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich'', B.T. Batsford Ltd: London, United Kingdom, 1973 pages 15-16.〕 A rival fraction whom Hildebrand calls the "agrarians" centered around the agrarian leader Richard Walther Darré, the Party "race theorist" Alfred Rosenberg and the ''Reichsfũhrer''-SS Heinrich Himmler, favored an anti-industrial and anti-urban "blood and soil" ideology, expansion at the expense of the Soviet Union in order to acquire ''Lebensraum'', alliance with Britain and opposition to the restoration of overseas colonies as threatening German racial purity.〔Hildebrand, Klaus ''The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich'', B.T. Batsford Ltd: London, United Kingdom, 1973 page 18〕 Another fraction, who Hildebrand refers to as the Wilhelmine Imperialists and whose leading personality was Hermann Göring, advocated at minimum the restoration of the borders of 1914 and the overseas empire, a zone of influence for Germany in Eastern Europe, and greater emphasis on traditional ''Machtpolitik'' as opposed to Hitler's racist vision of an endless and merciless Social Darwinist struggle between different "races" for ''lebensraum''.〔Hildebrand, Klaus ''The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich'', B.T. Batsford Ltd: London, United Kingdom, 1973 pages 14-15〕 The emphasis on the restoration of German colonies implied an anti-British policy but, in general, the Wilhelmine Imperialists were cautious about the prospect of war with Britain, and preferred to restore the pre-1914 German colonial empire through diplomacy rather than war.〔Hildebrand, Klaus ''The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich'', B.T. Batsford Ltd: London, United Kingdom, 1973 page 15〕 Of the three fractions, it was the "agrarians" whose views were the closest to Hitler's programme, but Hildebrand argues that there was an important difference in that the "agrarians" saw an alliance with Britain as being the natural alignment of two "Aryan" powers, whereas for Hitler the proposed British alliance was more a matter of power politics.〔Hildebrand, Klaus ''The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich'', B.T. Batsford Ltd: London, United Kingdom, 1973 pages 20-21〕 Since 1982, Hildebrand has worked at the University of Bonn as a professor in medieval and modern history, with a special interest in the 19th and 20th centuries. Hildebrand’s major work has been in diplomatic history and the development of the nation-state. He served as editor of the series concerning the publication of the documents of German foreign policy. In the mid-1980s, Hildebrand sat on a committee together with Thomas Nipperdey and Michael Stürmer in charge of vetting the publications issued by the Research Office of the West German Ministry of Defence.〔Evans, Richard ''In Hitler's Shadow'', New York, NY: Pantheon, 1989 page 44〕 The committee attracted some controversy when it refused to publish a hostile biography of Gustav Noske.〔Evans, Richard ''In Hitler's Shadow'', New York, NY: Pantheon, 1989 pages 44-45〕 In a 1983 speech, Hildebrand denied there had been a ''Sonderweg'', and claimed that the ''Sonderweg'' only applied to the “special case” of the Nazi dictatorship〔Winkler, Heinrich August “Eternally in the Shadow of Hitler” pages 171-176 from ''Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey, 1993 page 174〕 In a 1984 essay, Hildebrand went further and wrote: “It remains to be seen, whether future scholarship will initiate a process of historicization of the Hitler period, for example by comparing it with Stalinist Russia and with examples such as the Stone Age Communism of Cambodia. This would doubtless be accompanied by terrifying scholarly insights and painful human experiences. Both phenomena could, ''horribile dictu'', even relativize the concept of the German ''Sonderweg'' between 1933 and 1945"〔Winkler, Heinrich August “Eternally in the Shadow of Hitler” pages 171-176 from ''Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey, 1993 page 174〕In response, Heinrich August Winkler argued that there was a ''Sonderweg'' before 1933, and that Germany as a country deeply influenced by the Enlightenment meant there was no point of comparison between Hitler on one hand, and Pol Pot and Stalin on the other〔 In Germany, Hildebrand is well known for his disputes with the Mommsen brothers, Hans and Wolfgang over how best to understand Nazi Germany, especially evident at a conference held at the German Historical Institute in London in 1979 which resulted in numerous hostile exchanges.〔Kershaw, Ian, ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'', London: Arnold, 2000 page 69.〕 In the ''Historikerstreit'' (historians' dispute) of the 1980s, Hildebrand sided with those who contended that the Holocaust, while a major tragedy of the 20th century was not a uniquely evil event, but just one out of many genocides of the 20th century. Furthermore, Hildebrand argued that the crimes of Joseph Stalin were just as evil as those of Adolf Hitler. As one of the historians who more or less supported Ernst Nolte in the ''Historikerstreit'', many feel his reputation has been somewhat damaged in the public eye. At first, Hildebrand praised Nolte's 1986 article ''Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will'' ("The Past That Will Not Go Away") and especially his 1985 essay "Between Myth and Revisionism" as "path-breaking", but as the controversy caused by the ''Historikerstreit'' increased, Hildebrand increasingly wrote less and less in support of Nolte and more in the favour of his mentor Andreas Hillgruber.〔Evans, Richard ''In Hitler's Shadow'', New York, NY: Pantheon, 1989 page 53〕 In a 1986 review of Nolte's 1985 essay "Between Myth and Revisionism" in the ''Historische Zeitschrift'' journal, Hildebrand argued that Nolte had in a praiseworthy way sought: "to incorporate in historicizing fashion that central element for the history of National Socialism and of the "Third Reich" of the annihilatory capacity of the ideology and of the regime, and to comprehend this totalitarian reality in the interrelated context of Russian and German history".〔Kershaw, Ian, ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'', London: Arnold, 2000 page 232; original remarks appeared in ''Historische Zeitschrift'', Volume 242, 1986, page 465.〕Hildebrand ended his review in ''Historische Zeitschrift'' journal by calling Nolte’s essay "Between Myth and Revisionism" “trailbrazing”.〔Lipstadt, Deborah ''Denying the Holocaust'', Free Press: New York, 1993 page 213〕 In another essay, Hildebrand praised Nolte for daring to open up new questions for research.〔Hildebrand, Klaus "The Age of Tyrants: History and Politics" pages 50-55 from ''Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey, 1993 pages 54-55.〕 In another ''feuilleton'', Hildebrand argued in defense of Nolte that the Holocaust was one of out a long sequence of genocides in the 20th century, and asserted that Nolte was only attempting the "historicization" of National Socialism that Martin Broszat had called for〔Hildebrand, Klaus "He Who Wants to Escape the Abyss" pages 188-195 from ''Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey, 1993 pages 194-195〕 During the ''Historikerstreit'', Hildebrand often used the press as way of attacking Jürgen Habermas over what Hildebrand regarded as Habermas’s unfair criticism of Nolte and Hillgruber.〔Hildebrand, Klaus "The Age of Tyrants: History and Politics" pages 50-55 from ''Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey, 1993 pages 54-55〕 In an essay entitled "The Age of Tyrants" first published in the ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung'' on 31 July 1986, Hildebrand called Habermas’s article “A Kind of Settlement of Damages” a "…dark brew of politics and scholarship, of ''weltanschauung'' and historical perspective, of prejudices and facts”.〔Hildebrand, Klaus “The Age of Tyrants: History and Politics” pages 50-55 from ''Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey, 1993 page 50.〕 Hildebrand argued that because Habermas was not a historian, but a philosopher, he was not qualified to write on historical topics.〔Hildebrand, Klaus “The Age of Tyrants: History and Politics” pages 50-55 from ''Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey, 1993 page 51.〕 Hildebrand claimed as part of the “historicizing” National Socialism, that historians should consider, if not necessarily agree with Nolte’s theories〔Hildebrand, Klaus “The Age of Tyrants: History and Politics” pages 50-55 from ''Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey, 1993 page 54.〕 Responding to Hildebrand's essay "The Age of Tyrants: History and Politics" defending Nolte, Habermas wrote : “In his essay Ernst Nolte treats the “so-called” annihilation of the Jews (in H.W. Koch, ed. ''Aspects of the Third Reich'', London, 1985). Chaim Weizmann’s declaration in the beginning of September 1939 that the Jews of the world would fight on the side of England, “justified”-so opinioned Nolte-Hitler to treat the Jews as prisoners of war and to intern them. Other objections aside, I cannot distinguish between the insinuation that world Jewry is a subject of international law and the usual anti-Semitic projections. And if it had at least stopped with deportation. All this does not stop Klaus Hildebrand in the ''Historische Zeitschrift'' from commending Nolte’s “pathfinding essay”, because it “attempts to project exactly the seeming unique aspects of the history of the Third Reich onto the backdrop of the European and global development". Hildebrand is pleased that Nolte denies the singularity of the Nazi atrocities”〔Habermas, Jurgen “Letter to the Editor of the ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung'', August 11, 1986” pages 58-60 from ''Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey, 1993 page 59.〕Hans Mommsen defended Habermas against Hildebrand by writing: “Hildebrand’s partisan shots can be easily deflected; that Habermas is accused of a “loss of reality and Manichaeanism”, and that his honesty is denied is witness to the self-consciousness of a self-nominated historian elite, which has set itself the task of tracing the outlines of the seeming badly needed image of history” 〔Mommsen, Hans "The New Historical Consciousness" pages 114-124 from ''Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, 1993 page 115〕Writing of Hildebrand's support for Nolte, Mommsen declared that: “Hildebrand’s polemic clearly suggests that he barely considered the consequences of making Nolte’s constructs the centrepiece of a modern German conservatism that is very anxious to relativize the National Socialist experience and to find the way back to a putative historically “normal situation”〔Mommsen, Hans "The New Historical Consciousness" pages 114-124 from ''Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, 1993 page 123〕 In another essay, Mommsen wrote that Hildebrand was gulity of hypocrisy because Hildebrand had until 1986 always claimed that generic fascism was invalid concept because of the "singularity" of the Holocaust〔Mommsen, Hans “Search for the ‘Lost History’? Observations on the Historical Self-Evidence of the Federal Republic” pages 101-113 from ''Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, 1993 page 108.〕 Mommsen wrote that "Klaus Hildebrand explicitly took sides with Nolte's view when he gave his previously stubbornly claimed singularity of National Socialism (failing to appreciate that was, as is well known, the standard criticism of the comparative fascism theory)"〔 Martin Broszat observed that when Hildebrand organized a conference of right-wing German historians under the auspices of the Schleyer Foundation in West Berlin in September 1986, he did not invite Nolte, whom Broszat observed lived in Berlin.〔Broszat, Martin “Where the Roads Part: History Is Not A Suitable Substitute for a Religion of Nationalism” pages 123-129 from ''Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, 1993 page 127〕 Broszat suggested that this was Hildebrand's way of trying to separate himself from Nolte, whose work Hildebrand had praised so strongly in a review the ''Historische Zeitschrift'' in April 1986.〔 Hildebrand defended Hillgruber by attacking Habermas over the “tried and true higher-ups of the NSDAP” line created by Habermas, which Hildebrand considered a highly dishonest method of attack〔Hildebrand, Klaus “The Age of Tyrants: History and Politics” pages 50-55 from ''Forever In The Shadow Of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Humanities Press, 1993 page 51〕 Hildebrand argued that Hillgruber was merely trying to show the "tragedy" of the Eastern Front, and was not engaging in moral equivalence between the German and Soviet sides〔Hildebrand, Klaus “The Age of Tyrants: History and Politics” pages 50-55 from ''Forever In The Shadow Of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Humanities Press, 1993 page 52〕 In another essay entitled "He Who Wants to Escape the Abyss" first published in ''Die Welt'' on 22 November 1986, Hildebrand accused Habermas of engaging in “scandalous” attacks on Hillgruber〔Hildebrand, Klaus “He Who Wants to Escape the Abyss” pages 188-195 from ''Forever In The Shadow Of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Humanities Press, 1993 page 191.〕 Hildebrand claimed that “Habermas’s criticism is based in no small part on quotations that unambiguously falsify the matter” 〔 Hildebrand wrote that in his view about Habermas that: “A citation garbled like this is no way a forgivable exception. Rather, Habermas consistently and studiously distorts the texts, which unfortunately does not study, but more accurately, haunts…To want to justify Habermas’s treatment of texts contradicts everything that his customary in historical scholarship and in the area of everyday life. Every student who treated literature in the “Habermas way” would fail his exam!"〔Hildebrand, Klaus “He Who Wants to Escape the Abyss” pages 188-195 from ''Forever In The Shadow Of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Humanities Press, 1993 page 192.〕As part of his attack on Habermas and his supporters, Hildebrand assailed the functionalist interpretations of the Holocaust advanced by Hans Mommsen and Martin Broszat as little better than Holocaust denial, and commented sarcastically that in the ''Historikerstreit'' that the “revisionists” Mommsen and Broszat were supporting Habermas in his attacks on the “revisionists” Nolte and Hillgruber〔Hildebrand, Klaus “He Who Wants To Escape the Abyss” pages 188-195 from ''Forever In The Shadow Of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Humanities Press, 1993 page 190〕 Hildebrand wrote as part of his attack on the “singularity” of the Holocaust that: *That all historical events and occurrences are in someway singular〔Hildebrand, Klaus “He Who Wants To Escape the Abyss” pages 188-195 from ''Forever In The Shadow Of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Humanities Press, 1993 page 193.〕 *That there is nothing comparable to the Holocaust committed by other fascist regimes an movements, which in Hildebrand’s opinion disqualifies the notion of generic fascism〔 *That with regard to the “intensity of annihilation” policies, the Nazi regime is comparable to the Soviet regime〔 *That in a wider viewpoint, the Holocaust was “singular”, but was one in a sequences of genocides in the 20th century regime〔Hildebrand, Klaus “He Who Wants To Escape the Abyss” pages 188-195 from ''Forever In The Shadow Of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Humanities Press, 1993 page 194.〕 Hildebrand ended his essay "He Who Wants to Escape the Abyss Will Have To Sound It Very Precisely: Is the New German History Writing Revisionist?" by claiming that Hamberas was a 60s radical had trouble dealing with the fact that 20th century was one of genocide and totalitarianism, and was tying to block historians from exploring legitimate questions〔Hildebrand, Klaus “He Who Wants To Escape the Abyss” pages 188-195 from ''Forever In The Shadow Of Hitler?'' edited by Ernst Piper, Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Humanities Press, 1993 page 195.〕 Charles S. Maier wrote about Hildebrand that: "Comparative genocide has turned out to be a capacious bandwagon. Fest's outrage, not at genocide, but at Habermas's assault on the fudging of the distinctions between genocides, was endorsed in a pompous defense of the historian's lofty search for science by Klaus Hildebrand, historian of Nazi foreign policy at the University of Bonn. Distinguishing between planned genocide and war crimes in the field or pogromlike outbursts, Hildebrand admits that the former was carried out only by Hitler's Germany "under the sign of racial domination, and Stalin's Soviet Union under the sign of class domination". Genocide evidently loves company. What ''Wissenschaft'' demonstrates is that Germany only followed the Slavic lead".〔Maier, Charles "Immoral Equivalence" pp. 36–41 from ''The New Republic'', Volume 195, Number 22, Issue 3, 750, 1 December 1986 page 40〕 In an 1987 article, Hildebrand argued that both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union were totalitarian, expansionary states that were destined to come into conflict with each other.〔Evans, Richard ''In Hitler's Shadow'', New York, NY: Pantheon, 1989 pages 42-43〕 Hildebrand argued that in response to concentrations of the Red Army near in the border in the spring of 1941, Hitler engaged in a ''flucht nach vorn'' ("flight forward"-i.e. responding to a danger by charging on rather than retreating).〔Evans, Richard ''In Hitler's Shadow'', New York, NY: Pantheon, 1989 page 43〕 Hildebrand concluded that: "Independently, the National Socialist program of conquest met the equally far-reaching war-aims program which Stalin had drawn up in 1940 at the latest".〔. Hildebrand’s critics such as the British historian Richard J. Evans accused Hildebrand of seeking to obscure German responsibility for the attack on the Soviet Union, and of not being well informed on Soviet foreign policy.〔Evans, Richard ''In Hitler's Shadow'', New York, NY: Pantheon, 1989 pages 43 & 45〕 Some champions of the "preventive war" theory were critical of Hildebrand for using the term ''Überfall'' (fell upon) to describe Operation Barbarossa because it implied Hitler still had some freedom of choice in 1941.〔Evans, Richard ''In Hitler's Shadow'', New York, NY: Pantheon, 1989 pages 44〕 In a 1995 introduction to an essay about German-American relations by Detlef Junker, Hildebrand asserted that first Britain and then the United States in the 19th-20th centuries had a tendency to be highly ignorant of Central European affairs, and likewise had a propensity for engaging in “black legend” type of propaganda against Germany. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Klaus Hildebrand」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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